Conjunction & types

 

Conjunction

Join two word, idea, phrase together.

Classes of conjunction;

 As we shall see conjunction are divided into two classes; co-ordinating and subordinating .

The sentence contains two independent statements or two statements of equal rank or importance. Hence the conjunction joining together these two statements or clauses of equal rank is called a co-ordinating conjunction join together clauses of equal rank.

The chief co-ordinating conjunction are ;

And, but, for, or, nor, also, either,………..or neither……nor.

Co-odinative conjunction are of four finds.

1)     cumulative or copulative; which merely add one statement to another; as;

We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.

2)    Adversative; which express opposition or contrast between two statement; as;

He is slow, but he is sure.

I was anneyed, still I kept quiet.

I would come; only that I am engaged.

He was all right; only he was fatigued.

3)    disjunctive or alternative; which express a  choice between two alternative; as;

She must weep, or she will die.

Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.

Neither a borrower, nor a lender be.

They toil not, neither do they spin.

 Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.

4)     Illative; which express an inference; as;

Something cretins fell in: for I heard a splash.

All precaution must have been neglec ted, for the plague spread rapidly.   

   The sentence contains two statements or clauses one of which, ‘because it interests me’ is dependent on the other. Hence the conjunction introducing the dependent or sub-ordinate clauses is called a subordinating conjunction.

Def= a subordinating conjunction joins a clauses to another or which it depends for its full meaning.

The chief subordinating conjunction ;

After, because, if, that, though, although, till before, uniess, as, when, where, while.

Subordinating  conjunction may be classified according to their, meaning, as follows.

1)    Time

I would die before I lied.

No nation can be perfectly well governed till it is competent to govern it self.

Many things have happened since I saw you.

I returned home after he had gone.

Ere he blew three notes, there was a nustling.

2)     cause or reason.

My strength is as the strength of ten, because my heart is pure.

Since you wish it, it shall be done.

As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.

He may enter, as he is a friend.

3)     purpose

We eat so that we may live.

He  held my hand lest I should fall.

4)     result pr consequence

He was so tried that he could scarcely stand.

5)     condition

Rama will go if hari goes .

Grievances cannot be redressed unless they are know.

6)     concession.

 I will not see him, though he comes.

Though he slay me, yet will I trust him.

A book’s a book, although there’s nothing in it,

7)     comparison.

He is stronger than rustum [is]

Certain words are used both as preposition and conjunctions. [see $ 375]

Preposition                                                                                   conjunction

Stay till Monday.                                                           We shall stay here till you returm.         

I have not met him since Monday.                              We shall go since you desire it.

He died for his country.                                                I must stay here, for such is my duty.      

The dog ran after the cat.                                            We came after they hed left.

Everybody but govind was present.                            He tried, but did not succeed.  

He stood before the painting                                       look before you leap.